Commonly Used Multi-Factor Authentication Methods

Cyber threats continue to grow, making it necessary for individuals and businesses to adopt stronger security measures for online accounts. Passwords alone are often not enough to prevent unauthorised access, as they can be guessed, stolen, or leaked in data breaches. To add an extra layer of security, many platforms now require users to verify their identity through additional means. This process is known as multi factor authentication.

SMS and email verification:

One of the most widely used MFA methods is a one-time passcode (OTP) sent via SMS or email. After entering a password, users receive a temporary code on their registered mobile number or email address. While convenient, this method has vulnerabilities, as hackers can intercept messages through SIM-swapping attacks or email breaches.

Authenticator apps:

Authenticator apps such as Google Authenticator, Microsoft Authenticator, and Authy generate time-sensitive codes that users must enter alongside their password. These apps work offline and refresh the codes every 30 seconds, making them more secure than SMS-based verification. Since the codes are stored locally on a device rather than transmitted over a network, they are less susceptible to interception.

Hardware security keys:

Physical security keys, such as YubiKey or Google Titan, provide a highly secure authentication method. These small USB or NFC devices must be connected to a computer or tapped on a smartphone to verify identity. Hardware keys eliminate the risk of phishing attacks since they only work with legitimate websites and applications.

Biometric authentication:

Biometric factors, such as fingerprints, facial recognition, and voice patterns, use unique physical traits to verify identity. Many smartphones and modern laptops support biometric authentication, offering a smooth and secure login process. This method is difficult to replicate but may not be foolproof, as some facial recognition systems can be tricked by photos or deepfake technology.

Push notification authentication:

Some services, including banking apps and enterprise security systems, use push notifications for authentication. When a user attempts to log in, a notification appears on their trusted device, prompting them to approve or deny the request. This method is convenient and helps prevent unauthorised logins by allowing users to reject suspicious attempts in real time.

Using a combination of these methods improves security and reduces the risk of account compromise. Implementing multi-factor authentication is an effective way to safeguard sensitive information and prevent unauthorised access.